Mamba[a] is a deep learning architecture focused on sequence modeling. It was developed by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University and Princeton University to address some limitations of transformer models, especially in processing long sequences. It is based on the Structured State Space sequence (S4) model.[2][3][4]
Architecture
editTo enable handling long data sequences, Mamba incorporates the Structured State Space Sequence model (S4).[2] S4 can effectively and efficiently model long dependencies by combining continuous-time, recurrent, and convolutional models. These enable it to handle irregularly sampled data, unbounded context, and remain computationally efficient during training and inferencing.[5]
Mamba introduces significant enhancements to S4, particularly in its treatment of time-variant operations. It adopts a unique selection mechanism that adapts structured state space model (SSM) parameters based on the input.[6][2] This enables Mamba to selectively focus on relevant information within sequences, effectively filtering out less pertinent data. The model transitions from a time-invariant to a time-varying framework, which impacts both computation and efficiency.[2][7]
Mamba employs a hardware-aware algorithm that exploits GPUs, by using kernel fusion, parallel scan, and recomputation.[2] The implementation avoids materializing expanded states in memory-intensive layers, thereby improving performance and memory usage. The result is significantly more efficient in processing long sequences compared to transformers.[2][7]
Additionally, Mamba simplifies its architecture by integrating the SSM design with MLP blocks, resulting in a homogeneous and streamlined structure, furthering the model's capability for general sequence modeling across data types that include language, audio, and genomics, while maintaining efficiency in both training and inference.[2]
Key components
edit- Selective-State-Spaces (SSM): The core of Mamba, SSMs are recurrent models that selectively process information based on the current input. This allows them to focus on relevant information and discard irrelevant data.[2]
- Simplified Architecture: Mamba replaces the complex attention and MLP blocks of Transformers with a single, unified SSM block. This aims to reduce computational complexity and improve inference speed.[2]
- Hardware-Aware Parallelism: Mamba utilizes a recurrent mode with a parallel algorithm specifically designed for hardware efficiency, potentially further enhancing its performance.[2]
| Feature | Transformer | Mamba |
|---|---|---|
| Architecture | Attention-based | SSM-based |
| Complexity | High | Lower |
| Inference speed | O(n)[clarification needed]
|
O(1)
|
| Training speed | O(n2)
|
O(n)
|
Variants
editToken-free language models: MambaByte
editOperating on byte-sized tokens, transformers scale poorly as every token must "attend" to every other token leading to O(n2) scaling laws, as a result, Transformers opt to use subword tokenization to reduce the number of tokens in text, however, this leads to very large vocabulary tables and word embeddings.
This research investigates a novel approach to language modeling, MambaByte, which departs from the standard token-based methods. Unlike traditional models that rely on breaking text into discrete units, MambaByte directly processes raw byte sequences. This eliminates the need for tokenization, potentially offering several advantages:[8]
- Language Independence: Tokenization often relies on language-specific rules and vocabulary, limiting applicability across diverse languages. MambaByte's byte-level representation allows it to handle different languages without language-specific adaptations.
- Removes the bias of subword tokenisation: where common subwords are overrepresented and rare or new words are underrepresented or split into less meaningful units. This can affect the model's understanding and generation capabilities, particularly for languages with rich morphology or tokens not well-represented in the training data.
- Simplicity in Preprocessing: It simplifies the preprocessing pipeline by eliminating the need for complex tokenization and vocabulary management, reducing the preprocessing steps and potential errors.
Subword tokenisation introduces a number of quirks in LLMs, such as failure modes where LLMs can't spell words, reverse certain words, handle rare tokens, which are not present in byte-level tokenisation.[9]
Mamba Mixture of Experts (MOE)
editMoE Mamba represents a pioneering integration of the Mixture of Experts (MoE) technique with the Mamba architecture, enhancing the efficiency and scalability of State Space Models (SSMs) in language modeling. This model leverages the strengths of both MoE and SSMs, achieving significant gains in training efficiency—requiring 2.2 times fewer training steps than its predecessor, Mamba, while maintaining competitive performance. MoE Mamba showcases improved efficiency and effectiveness by combining selective state space modeling with expert-based processing, offering a promising avenue for future research in scaling SSMs to handle tens of billions of parameters. The model's design involves alternating Mamba and MoE layers, allowing it to efficiently integrate the entire sequence context and apply the most relevant expert for each token.[10][11]
Vision Mamba
editVision Mamba (Vim) integrates SSMs with visual data processing, employing bidirectional Mamba blocks for visual sequence encoding. This method reduces the computational demands typically associated with self-attention in visual tasks. Tested on ImageNet classification, COCO object detection, and ADE20k semantic segmentation, Vim showcases enhanced performance and efficiency and is capable of handling high-resolution images with lower computational resources. This positions Vim as a scalable model for future advancements in visual representation learning.[12]
Jamba
editJamba is a novel architecture built on a hybrid transformer and mamba SSM architecture developed by AI21 Labs with 52 billion parameters, making it the largest Mamba-variant created so far. It has a context window of 256k tokens.[13]
Impact and Future Directions
editMamba LLM represents a significant potential shift in large language model architecture, offering faster, more efficient, and scalable models[citation needed].
Applications include language translation, content generation, long-form text analysis, audio, and speech processing[citation needed].
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ "Albert Gu (@_albertgu) on X".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gu, Albert; Dao, Tri (2023). "Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces". arXiv:2312.00752 [cs.LG].
- ^ Chowdhury, Hasan. "The tech powering ChatGPT won't make AI as smart as humans. Others might". Business Insider. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Pandey, Mohit (6 December 2023). "Mamba is Here to Mark the End of Transformers". Analytics India Magazine. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Gu, Albert; Goel, Karan; Re, Christopher (6 October 2021). "Efficiently Modeling Long Sequences with Structured State Spaces". ICLR. arXiv:2111.00396. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Gu, Albert; Johnson, Isys; Goel, Karan; Saab, Khaled Kamal; Dao, Tri; Rudra, A.; R'e, Christopher (26 October 2021). "Combining Recurrent, Convolutional, and Continuous-time Models with Linear State-Space Layers". NeurIPS. S2CID?239998472.
- ^ a b Tickoo, Aneesh (10 December 2023). "Researchers from CMU and Princeton Unveil Mamba: A Breakthrough SSM Architecture Exceeding Transformer Efficiency for Multimodal Deep Learning Applications". MarkTechPost. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Wang, Junxiong; Gangavarapu, Tushaar; Yan, Jing Nathan; Rush, Alexander M. (2025-08-14), MambaByte: Token-free Selective State Space Model, arXiv:2401.13660
- ^ Let's build the GPT Tokenizer, 20 February 2024, retrieved 2025-08-14
- ^ Pióro, Maciej; Ciebiera, Kamil; Król, Krystian; Ludziejewski, Jan; Jaszczur, Sebastian (2025-08-14), MoE-Mamba: Efficient Selective State Space Models with Mixture of Experts, arXiv:2401.04081
- ^ Nikhil (2025-08-14). "This AI Paper Proposes MoE-Mamba: Revolutionizing Machine Learning with Advanced State Space Models and Mixture of Experts MoEs Outperforming both Mamba and Transformer-MoE Individually". MarkTechPost. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
- ^ Zhu, Lianghui; Liao, Bencheng; Zhang, Qian; Wang, Xinlong; Liu, Wenyu; Wang, Xinggang (2025-08-14), Vision Mamba: Efficient Visual Representation Learning with Bidirectional State Space Model, arXiv:2401.09417
- ^ "Introducing Jamba: AI21's Groundbreaking SSM-Transformer Model". www.ai21.com. Retrieved 2025-08-14.